This article builds on fieldwork conducted in 2019 and 2020 and examines the implications of Covid-19 lockdown for the engagement of Danish Muslim women in Islamic educational activities. Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari and Larkin, it displays how technological infrastructure influences religious practice and the constitution of religious space. For the women engaged in Islamic education, the forced use of digital-media technologies unmoored conditions for being at activities, reorganized time and space, and changed conditions for relating to communities. As home (...) became the territory from where the women conducted all religious practices, including educational activities, classes and seminars were accessed on more individualized terms and became more easily integrated with other everyday activities. This made room for expanding engagement and accessing more diverse educational opportunities. At the same time, it withdrew the women from spaces of bodily and sensory togetherness, where feelings of community and connection would usually be nurtured. (shrink)

Previous research indicates positive effects of a person’s attractiveness on evaluations of opposite-sex persons, but less positive or even negative effects of attractiveness on same-sex evaluations. These biases are consistent with social motives linked to mate search and intrasexual rivalry. In line with the hypothesis that such motives should not become operative until after puberty, 6- to 12-year-old participants (i.e., children) displayed no evidence for biased social evaluations based on other people’s attractiveness. In contrast, 13- to 19-year-old participants (i.e., adolescents) (...) displayed positive and negative attractiveness biases toward opposite- and same-sex targets, respectively. Moreover, these biases increased with the age—and thus the reproductive relevance—of the targets being evaluated. Findings corroborate the relevance of mating-related motives for social judgment and illustrate how such biases can grow during human development. At a broader conceptual level, this research demonstrates the utility of investigating proximate social judgment processes through the lens of adaptationist thinking. (shrink)

Os atuais documentos oficiais elaborados pelo Ministério da Educação no Brasil têm preconizado o ensino da produção textual por meio do gênero -discursivo ou textual. Seguindo essa linha, o exame vestibular de ingresso a uma das maiores universidades paulistas de 2011 também solicitou dos candidatos a elaboração de três textos, de diferentes gêneros. Com o objetivo de verificar que horizontes teórico-metodológicos fundamentaram a elaboração daquele exame, analisamos os textos do Manual do Candidato, da Prova de redação e da Expectativa da (...) banca. Nosso parâmetro teórico é o conceito de gênero discursivo conforme desenvolvido pelos membros do Círculo de Bakhtin desde 1920. Observamos, então, como essa nova proposta visa avaliar as características que a Universidade espera encontrar em cada um de seus alunos; como utiliza o arsenal teórico nos textos analisados e como garante a avaliação da capacidade argumentativa dos candidatos. Finalmente, sugerimos a possibilidade de trabalho com o gênero "dissertação escolar".Today's official documents drawn up by the Ministry of Education in Brazil have advocated that textual production should be taught by the concepts of speech genre or textual genre. Following this guideline, the 2011 edition of the entrance exam, vestibular, of one of the most important universities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, asked its candidates to write three texts, each one belonging to a different genre. In order to verify the theoretical-methodological horizons that motivated the elaboration of that exam, we analyzed the texts of the candidate's guidelines, the examination essay and the expectations set by the examiners. Our theoretical perspective is the concept of discursive genre as developed by the members of the Bakhtin Circle since 1920. Then, we observe how this new proposal aims at evaluating the characteristics that the University expects to find in each one of its students; how the theoretical perspectives are used in the analyzed texts and how the assessment of the candidates' argumentative ability is ensured. Finally, we suggest the possibility of working with the genre "scholar essay". (shrink)

Resumen Este artículo estudia desde una perspectiva sociolingüística una muestra de 14 novelas rosa inglesas que están ambientadas total o parcialmente en las islas Canarias. Las obras, que pertenecen a un corpus más amplio, están salpicadas, en mayor o menor medida, de palabras y expresiones en español, ya que algunos personajes son de habla hispana. El objetivo principal del trabajo es mostrar la conciencia sociolingüística de las autoras, mediante la identificación de los mecanismos que estas utilizan para recrear el contexto (...) bilingüe de las novelas y construir la identidad lingüística de los personajes. Tras un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de los textos, los datos obtenidos parecen confirmar la existencia de una conciencia sociolingüística que se expresa por medio de estrategias de representación, que incluyen el uso del metalenguaje y del cambio de código. Además, con los hispanismos recopilados aquí iniciaremos las labores de elaboración de un futuro glosario, lo que nos llevará a plantearnos el posible papel de este tipo de textos como canales para la difusión internacional del vocabulario español, dado su gran número de lectores en todo el mundo. (shrink)

O presente ensaio pretende analisar o Cooperativismo Educacional no estado de São Paulo, em suas formas institucionais, agora voltados para a organização escolar a partir de 1980. O cooperativismo educacional ocupou um lugar de destaque, com um discurso aparentemente renovador, pois tanto pretendia formar o indivíduo integralmente, afirmando superar a ética da competição pela ética da cooperação, de modo a superar a tradição administrativa hierárquica da escola pública e privada e, apresentar, inclusive, supondo desencadear disposições políticas emancipatórias para todos os (...) envolvidos no processo de ensino aprendizagem. Tendo como referencial teórico Dermeval Saviani, na análise da organização da escola e os pressupostos filosóficos e políticos dessa trajetória, e de Antonio Gramsci, ao relacionar as transformações do trabalho e a questão da educação, pretendemos descrever a expansão do cooperativismo educacional e analisar os seus princípios pedagógicos, organizacionais e políticos. This essay aims to analyze the Cooperative Education in São Paulo in its institutional forms, now facing the school organization since 1980. The cooperative education occupied a prominent place, with a refreshing speech apparently because both wanted to form the whole person, claiming to overcome the ethics of competition for the ethics of cooperation, in order to overcome the administrative tradition of hierarchical public and private schools, and provide even emancipatory political arrangements for all involved in teaching and learning. The theoretical framework Dermeval Saviani, the analysis of school organization and the philosophical and political assumptions that trajectory, and Antonio Gramsci, to relate changes in work and the issue of education, we intend to describe the expansion of cooperative education and analyze the pedagogical principles , organizational and political. (shrink)

Trata-se de analisar uma “cena” pedagógica, a do truque do pato de cera, exposta no livro III do Emílio. Ali o autor tem a oportunidade de se dedicar à “parte mais útil” de seu livro e mostrar de como podem ser aplicadas as máximas do livro III.

This paper presents a detailed contrastive frame semantic analysis of arriving events in English and Spanish, attested through a corpus study. The framework and methodology of our research follows the FrameNet II Research Project housed at ICSI. First, we present a formal description of the Arriving frame as a subframe of the Motion frame: arriving encodes a basic subpart of our conceptualization of motion, namely the transition from moving to arriving at a goal. Second, we carry out a cross-linguistic analysis (...) of this frame, based on a corpus study of English and Spanish arriving predicates. A first assumption would suggest that these two languages share a basic abstract frame description for arriving events. While acknowledging this, we yet show that at a lexical level the particular lexicalization patterns of each language influence the way speakers bring onto stage the different participants of the scene. We discuss this issue through a study of implicit frame elements, conflation and incorporation patterns, profiling, and deixis. Third, we briefly introduce the question of polysemy for those predicates that participate in the arriving frame. Arguably, the spatial meaning of arriving is the core sense from which a set of sense extensions derives, pointing to a wide range of independent frames (e.g. Cognition frame, Achievement frame, etc.) This fact can be attested in both languages in a parallel way. The different senses can be described synchronically in terms of frame semantics, while motivation for them is to be found in the cognitive processes of Metaphor (across frames), and Fictive Motion (within frame). (shrink)

A cultura humana envolve uma rede complexa de dinâmicas e de trocas simbólicas. Entre as perspectivas teóricas que propiciam perscrutar liames dessas dinâmicas, possibilitando vislumbrar horizontes de tendências de novos paradigmas que se engendram nas fronteiras móveis de formas de representação da vida humana, entendemos que os Estudos Comparados de Literatura, por sua natureza interdisciplinar, possibilitam canais de comunicação entre várias disciplinas e áreas do conhecimento. Como espaço de reflexão, a perspectiva contemporânea desses estudos vem encorajando a tomada de consciência (...) da capacidade de a literatura ser uma forma de conhecimento da realidade e, por isso mesmo, encoraja a tomada de consciência do caráter pluralista que envolve o fenômeno literário, possibilitando relações interculturais, interdiscursivas e intersemióticas. O presente estudo com base nesses pressupostos, propõe, pelo diálogo possível entre a Literatura e a Antropologia, uma leitura da obra Onde a onça bebe água, tendo as representações presentes nas cosmologias amazônicas, como ponto de discussão e intercâmbio. Para tanto, serão utilizados estudos do antropólogo brasileiro Eduardo Viveiros de Castro e a produção literária que executa em parceria com Verônica Stigger. (shrink)

Resumo (200 palavras) Podem-se encontrar diferentes conceitos na história da Ética. Esse artigo lida com a ideia que se deve identificar um conceito de Ética para se discutir sobre sua relação com Educação. Moral é um conceito que aparece quando se pensa sobre Ética. Por isso uma discussão sobre o conceito de Moral e sua relação com Ética é apresentado. Discutir Ética significa entender o conceito na sociedade porque Ética não pode acontecer a uma pessoa sozinha. Pessoas se relacionam na (...) sociedade e Ética é o fundamento básico da vida social. Antes que se possa observar Ética na sociedade como um conjunto, é possível descobrir que Ética começa na vida da família. A escola é o lugar específico na sociedade que ajuda a família a construir a relação entre Ética e Educação. Filósofos e educadores concordam sobre a importância de educar crianças para serem cidadãos éticos, mas os conceitos de Ética que eles possam usar são de algum modo diferente. Ética Relativa e Ética Universal são os principais grupos de conceitos encontrados na literatura. Concluímos que para se tornar inteiramente um ser humano, cada pessoa precisa se sentir integrada à humanidade e isto somente é possível por meio de conceitos universais de ética. Palavras chaves – ética – educação – moral – família - escola - sociedade (200 words) We can find different concepts in history of Ethics. This article deals with the idea that it is necessary to identify a concept of Ethics in order to discuss about its relation to Education. Moral is a concept that comes to mind when we think about Ethics. Because of this a discussion about this concept and its relation to Ethics is presented. To discuss Ethics means to understand it in society because it can’t happen to a person alone. People relate themselves in society and Ethics is the basic foundation to social life. Before we can observe Ethics in society as a whole it is possible to discover that Ethics begins in family life. School is the specific place in society that helps family to build the relation between Ethics and Education. Philosophers and educators agree about the importance of educating children to be ethical citizens but concepts of Ethics they may use are somehow different. Relative Ethics and Universal Ethics are the major groups of concepts that we can find in literature. We conclude that to become a whole human being each person needs to feel integrated to humankind and this is only possible through universal concepts of Ethics. Keywords – ethics – education – moral – family – school - society  . (shrink)

Spanish allows for bare _if_-clauses (BIFs), i.e., _if_-clauses lacking a matrix clause, which display a complex array of meanings different from their stereotypical subordinated counterparts. In this paper, I derive their interpretations through discourse-level interactions, building on exhaustivity inferences associated with intonation, as well as reasoning familiar from so-called _biscuit conditionals_. The key to the analysis is a dynamic view of context that includes a way of tracking proposals that await evaluation (before, e.g., they are accepted/rejected). The view that Spanish (...) BIFs refer back to content awaiting evaluation allows us to integrate the different ingredients involved in the construction of meaning without ad hoc theoretical stipulations. (shrink)

Meinongianism (named after Alexius Meinong) is, roughly, the view that there are not only existent but also nonexistent objects. In this book, Meinong’s so-called object theory as well as “neo-Meinongian” reconstructions are presented and discussed, especially with respect to logical issues, both from a historical and a systematic perspective. Among others, the following topics are addressed: basic principles and motivations for Meinongianism; the distinction between “there is” (usually expressed by the existential quantifier) and “exists” (usually expressed by an existence predicate (...) “E!”); interpretations and kinds of quantification; Meinongianism, the principle of excluded middle and the principle of non-contradiction; the nuclear-extranuclear distinction and modes of predication; varieties of neo-Meinongianism and Meinongian logics. (shrink)

According to the minimal version of the traditional analysis of knowledge, there are (at least) three necessary components to knowledge, that is, truth, belief and justification. In this paper we will argue that even in a global sceptical scenario, all three conditions minimally necessary for knowledge can be satisfied. In particular, we will focus on the justification requirement and analyse two “traditional” theories of justification, i.e., coherentism and foundationalism, as well as a more “innovative” one, i.e., reliabilism. Then, we will (...) conclude that if we want to continue to claim that, in a global sceptical scenario, a cognitive subject does not know (almost) anything, we should recognise that she may still have justified true beliefs, and we should, therefore, look elsewhere for the reasons why she lacks knowledge. (shrink)

Como respuesta a una práctica clínica cada vez más especializada, tecnologizada y cientificista, la medicina y la bioética buscan restituir el protagonismo a la experiencia del paciente. Para ello, cada vez más sectores dentro de la medicina y la bioética adoptan un marco teórico proveniente de la tradición hermenéutica o del giro narrativo. Ya no se interpretan sólo los síntomas fisiológicos y los resultados de laboratorio: al incorporar la voz del paciente, se busca considerarlo de manera íntegra, como un texto (...) a ser comprendido. No obstante, la heterogénea recepción de estas perspectivas, obstaculiza la retroalimentación entre teorías. Las que subrayan la arista narrativa dejan entrever un dualismo subyacente entre el cuerpo y el paciente, las capacidades técnicas e interlocutivas de los profesionales, y lo científico y lo narrable, y las que enfatizan la arista hermenéutica tienen inconvenientes a la hora de argumentar la aplicación de la teoría a la vida. En este trabajo, se sostiene que es preciso incorporar la dimensión retórica al horizonte teórico hermenéutico-narrativo en medicina y bioética. Se espera que el presente constituya un aporte a “lo no-dicho” en las definiciones que los especialistas en salud emplean de narrativa, hermenéutica y por supuesto, de texto. (shrink)

El presente artículo contiene una aproximación historiográfica al desarrollo de la Ilustración en Alemania, considerando las características específicas de la misma frente a Inglaterra o Francia, así como sus etapas. Se expone asimismo la tipología de sus ideas principales elaborada por Norbert Hinske y se hace balance acerca de su posible vigencia e interés para la actualidad, con atención especial a la idea de una razón humana universal y de la destinación del ser humano.

Nesse artigo, eu apresento a teoria kantiana do mal. Mostrarei que Kant divide o mal em três níveis: fraqueza, impureza e perversidade, relacionando-os com afetos e paixões. Eu defendo que Kant apresenta várias formas de curar o mal nos diversos textos, tais como Doutrina da Virtude, Antropologia, Ideia para uma história universal do ponto de vista cosmopolita e Religião nos limites da simples razão. Eu tentarei mostrar que a virtude é impotente para curar o mal e que Kant apresenta uma (...) comunidade ética para esse fim. Por fim, eu compararei a construção de comunidade ética com o estabelecimento de uma sociedade civil jurídica. (shrink)

The generic idea that the human should enhance seems uncontroversial. However, there is a great controversy about the meaning of enhance and the means that should be used. The possibilities of enhance humans through the use of biotechnology are a central theme of the current bioethical debate. Human Enhancement is the concept used to translate the idea that a biotransformation would generate a bioenhancement. In this article, we present a proposal for a factual-elementary framework of the generic concept of human (...) enhancement, in order to highlight the differences between a normative terminology and a descriptive terminology. Then, we contest the radical polarization that creates a harmful bias in the debate, arguing that what is at issue is a decision making based on non-universal value judgments. (shrink)

Este libro reciente de Cristian Saborido sobre filosofía de la medicina, que, como no abunda, se titula fundacionalmente en forma homónima, _Filosofía de la medicina, _es un texto dedicado tanto a filósofos de la ciencia, como a profesionales de la salud. En tal sentido es un libro para el estudio de una disciplina de la filosofía y, a la vez, un texto para indagar y provocar la reflexión de quienes llevan a cabo la práctica de las ciencias médicas. Aquí nos (...) ocuparemos de analizar las principales inquietudes que presenta Saborido para desglosarlas y comprender su alcance. (shrink)

Relacionándose directamente con el pensamiento griego, que consideraba la etimología como conocimiento del ‘verdadero’ sentido de las palabras, la búsqueda del origen supone una actitud que explique la naturaleza de las cosas a través de la interpretación del lenguaje. Aspecto puramente filosófico, el de relacionar significata y designata, que en la época moderna adquiere un sentido histórico: hacer de la etimología una verdadera historia de palabras a través de etapas documentales y documentables, tanto en la evolución morfofonemática como en la (...) semántica, llevando a la reconstrucción de estructuras o verdaderos sistemas (Zamboni, 1989: 1). Establecer génesis, entrada a la lengua y cronología, por tanto, resulta imprescindible.La etimología tiene su mejor representación en la lexicografía. Es en el diccionario etimológico donde encuentra su natural e inevitable desarrollo, con el fin de registrar y fundamentar de manera científica el origen de las palabras; no obstante, la información etimológica está presente también en algunos diccionarios generales sincrónicos, ya sean descriptivos o normativos, y obedece mayoritariamente al concepto de etimología-origen, que aporta noticias sobre la raíz léxica, la procedencia y la composición de la palabra. De hecho, muchos de los diccionarios modernos ofrecen una indicación etimológica y, aunque a veces contienen forzosamente etimologías inciertas, satisfacen el deseo del lector de conocer, entre otras cosas, el origen de la voz que buscan.Aproximarnos a las principales obras españolas que aportan la información sobre el origen de la palabra y ver cómo ha evolucionado la percepción sobre dicha historia es el cometido de este trabajo. (shrink)

Toda la vida de San Agustín fue una intensa búsqueda de la definición del hombre. Recorrió en sus meditaciones las tres direcciones que acotan el campo de la investigación antropológica: el ser del hombre, su perduración más allá de la vida y el sentido de su existencia. Él descubrió que la naturaleza del hombre es “dialéctica”: es un ser que está en un mundo hecho para él, pero él es hecho para Dios. Como no hay una adecuación entre su ‘ser (...) en’ y su ‘ser para’, el hombre se convierte en un discurso abierto infinitamente, cuyo final trasciende sus posibilidades. Además, el hombre ocupa un lugar intermedio en la configuración ontológica del universo agustiniano, un medio entre la Nada y el Todo, entre el cuerpo y el Creador del sí mismo y del cuerpo. De hecho, en la Enarración al Salmo 109, explica así la condición mortal, finita, del ser humano: “Como el torrente recoge las lluvias y se hincha, salta, se despeña, y corriendo acaba su carrera, así es todo el curso de la mortalidad… el género humano, de lo oculto va apareciendo y corre; con la muerte otra vez se oculta. En el intermedio resuena y pasa”. Es decir, el hombre es un murmullo entre dos abismos. Agustine of Hippo and human natureThe life of St. Augustine was an intense search for the definition of man. He studied the three directions that delimit the field of anthropological research in his meditations: the being of man, his endurance beyond life, and the meaning of their existence. He discovered that the nature of man is "dialectical": he is a being that is in a world made for him, but he is made for God. As there is not a match between 'being in' and 'being for', the man becomes a speech open infinitely, the end of which transcends its possibilities. Furthermore, humankind has an intermediate place in the ontological configuration of the Augustinian universe, a medium between nothing and everything, between the body and the creator of the self, and of the body. In fact, in the Enarracion to the Psalm 109, explains the mortal and finite condition of the human being: "As the stream collects rain and swells, jumps, falls, and running ends its career, so is the entire course of mortality... the mankind, from the occult will appear and run; with death again is hidden. It resonates in the intermediate and passes". I.e., the man is a whisper between two abysses. (shrink)

The paper analyses the formal features of the characters of Oresteia in Greek tragedy. The protagonists and the minor characters are compared, for which the rhythmical liveliness and variability of the personages’ utterances, the length and number of utterances, and the number of dialogue verses in the metrical repertoire of the corresponding personage are taken into account. The analysis revealed that the data of Sophocles and Euripides are more close to each other both in the respect of general “liveliness” and (...) the “liveliness” of characters’ utterances. Certain differences in the metrics and rhythmics of the main and minor characters’ verses become most obvious when we compare Electra’s part with minor characters (e. g., in Electra’s part there is always the biggest proportion of lyrical parts, more unstandard settlements, more verses with splits than any other character). The index of liveliness of Electra’s part is almost the same in all the authors. Although the same tendencies in Orestes are more schematical, the metrics and rhythmics of his utterances are rather similar to those of Electra. Thus, in respect of the proportion of lyrical verses, he always comes second after Electra; he also has quite many split verses. The parts of minor characters are usually made up entirely of iambic trimesters, the rhythmical variety of their speeches is higher than average, but there are no splits in their parts (except for Aegisthus). However, there are characters which parts have unstandard rhythm, e.g., the pedagogue in Sophocles or Chrysothemis, who is a contrast to Electra by her nature as well as her rhythmics. The contrast with other minor characters is even bigger. Clytaemnestra’s part is both rhythmically and metrically intermediate: inAeschylus her utterances consist entirely of iambic trimeters, but in Sophocles and Euripides she pronounces also a couple of lyrical verses. There are alsosome splits in her verses which usually do not occur in minor persons. (shrink)